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2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom

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2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom
Coronavirus COVID-19 virus.jpg
Computer generated representation of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationUnited Kingdom
First caseYork, England
Arrival date31 January 2020
(1 month, 2 weeks and 4 days)
Confirmed cases2,626[1]
Suspected cases‡55,000[2]
Recovered65[1]
Deaths
60[nb 1][1]
Official website
'Coronavirus (COVID-19): latest information and advice' at www.gov.uk[nb 2]
‡ Suspected cases have not been confirmed as being due to this strain by laboratory tests, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

The 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak was confirmed to have spread to the United Kingdom on 31 January 2020 from China when the first two cases with the respiratory disease COVID-19, caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, were confirmed in Newcastle upon Tyne in a family of Chinese nationals staying in a hotel in York.[3][4]

On 12 January the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a new coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, who had initially come to the attention of the WHO on 31 December 2019.[3] The UK subsequently developed a prototype specific laboratory test for the new disease.[5] In response to the outbreak, Heathrow Airport received additional clinical support and tightened surveillance of the three direct flights that it received from Wuhan every week.[6] The four UK Chief Medical Officers (CMOs) raised the UK risk level from low to moderate on 30 January, upon the WHO's announcement of the disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).[5]

As soon as cases appeared in the UK on 31 January a public health information campaign was launched to advise people how to lessen the risk of spreading the virus.[5] Further cases in early February prompted the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, to introduce the Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020 statutory instrument.[3] Guidance on infection prevention and control, how to detect and diagnose COVID-19, and daily updates, including advice to travellers have been published by the UK's Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) and Public Health England (PHE).[3] In addition, the NHS set up COVID-19 drive-through screening centres at multiple hospitals.[7][8] Chief Medical Adviser to the UK Government, Chris Whitty has explained a strategy to tackle the outbreak, based upon four aims: contain, delay, research and mitigate.[9]

The earliest documented transmission within the UK occurred on 28 February 2020; all of the cases detected previously had been infected abroad.[10] By 1 March, cases had been detected in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland.[3][11] Subsequently, Prime Minister Boris Johnson unveiled the Coronavirus Action Plan,[3] and the government declared the coronavirus outbreak as a "level 4 incident".[12] On 11 March, the WHO declared the outbreak a pandemic.[13] Other responses included some schools in England choosing to close.[14] Some airlines announced a number of flight cancellations,[15] and some online retailers have reported consumers placing unusually large orders.[16] On 12 March, the UK risk level was raised from moderate to high.[17] Four days later, following the experience in Italy and based on evidence including forecasting by epidemiologists at Imperial College London,[18] the government advised on further measures on social distancing and advised people in the UK against "non-essential" travel and contact with others, as well as suggesting people should avoid pubs, clubs and theatres, and work from home if possible. Pregnant women, people over the age of 70 and those with certain health conditions were urged to consider the advice "particularly important", and would be asked to self-isolate. School closures would be considered "at the right stage" of the outbreak.[19]

As of 17 March, after performing 50,442 tests, there have been 1,950 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom.[nb 3][1] 60 people in the UK with confirmed infection have died,[nb 1][1] and one further death has been confirmed in the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands.[22] Additionally, one British citizen died in the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship.

Background

On 12 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a new coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, who had initially come to the attention of the WHO on 31 December 2019. This cluster was initially linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan City. However, some of those first cases with laboratory confirmed results had no link to the market, and the source of the epidemic is unknown.[23][24]

Unlike SARS of 2003, the case fatality ratio for COVID-19, a disease also classified as a high consequence infectious disease (HCID),[25][26] has been much lower, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[27][25] COVID-19 typically appears with about seven days of flu-like symptoms followed by some people progressing to symptoms of a viral pneumonia requiring admission to hospital.[25]

Timeline

COVID-19 cases in the United Kingdom  (
)
     Deaths        Recoveries        Active cases
Date
# of cases
# of deaths
2020-01-31
​
​
​
​
​
 2
⋮
​
​
​
​
​
 2(=)
2020-02-06
​
​
​
​
​
 3(+50%)
⋮
​
​
​
​
​
 3(=)
2020-02-09
​
​
​
​
​
 4(+33%)
2020-02-10
​
​
​
​
​
 8(+100%)
⋮
​
​
​
​
​
 8(=)
2020-02-13
​
​
​
​
​
 9(+13%)
⋮
​
​
​
​
​
 9(=)
2020-02-24
​
​
​
​
​
 13(+44%)
⋮
​
​
​
​
​
 13(=)
2020-02-28
​
​
​
​
​
 19(+46%)
2020-02-29
​
​
​
​
​
 23(+21%)
2020-03-01
​
​
​
​
​
 35(+52%)
2020-03-02
​
​
​
​
​
 40(+14%)
2020-03-03
​
​
​
​
​
 51(+28%)
2020-03-04
​
​
​
​
​
 85(+67%)
2020-03-05
​
​
​
​
​
 114(+34%) 1
2020-03-06
​
​
​
​
​
 160(+40%) 2(+100%)
2020-03-07
​
​
​
​
​
 206(+29%) 2(=)
2020-03-08
​
​
​
​
​
 271(+32%) 3(+50%)
2020-03-09
​
​
​
​
​
 321(+18%) 5(+67%)
2020-03-10
​
​
​
​
​
 373(+16%) 6(+20%)
2020-03-11
​
​
​
​
​
 456(+22%) 8(+67%)
2020-03-12
​
​
​
​
​
 590(+29%) 8(=)
2020-03-13
​
​
​
​
​
 797(+35%) 10(+25%)
2020-03-14
​
​
​
​
​
 1,061(+33%) 21(+110%)
2020-03-15
​
​
​
​
​
 1,391(+31%) 35(+67%)
2020-03-16
​
​
​
​
​
 1,543(+11%) 55(+57%)
2020-03-17
​
​
​
​
​
 1,950(+26%) 71(+29%)
2020-03-18
​
​
​
​
​
 2,626(+35%) 71(+0%)
Based on confirmed cases reported by Public Health England.[28]
Figures do not include the cases from British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

January 2020

On 22 January, following a confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States the previous day, in a man returning to Washington from Wuhan, China, where there were 440 confirmed cases at the time, the DHSC and PHE raised the risk level from "very low" to "low". As a result, Heathrow Airport received additional clinical support and tightened surveillance of the three direct flights that it receives from Wuhan every week; each were to be met by a Port Health team. In addition, all airports in the UK were to make written guidance (in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese) available for unwell travellers.[6][29] Simultaneously, efforts to trace 2,000 people who had flown into the UK from Wuhan over the previous 14 days were made.[30]

On 31 January, two members of a family of Chinese nationals staying in a hotel in York, one of whom studied at the University of York, became the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the UK. Upon confirmation, they were transferred from Hull University Teaching Hospital to a specialist isolation facility, a designated High Consequence Infectious Diseases Unit in Newcastle upon Tyne.[4][31]

On the same day, an evacuation flight from Wuhan landed at RAF Brize Norton and the passengers, none of whom were showing symptoms, were taken to quarantine, in a staff residential block at Arrowe Park Hospital on the Wirral.[32] There had previously been contention over whether the government should assist the repatriation of UK passport holders from the most affected areas in China, or restrict travel from affected regions altogether.[33][34] Some British nationals in Wuhan had been informed that they could be evacuated but any spouses or children with mainland Chinese passports could not.[35] This was later overturned, but the delay meant that some people missed the flight.[32]

February 2020

On 6 February, a third confirmed case, a man who had recently travelled to Singapore prior to visiting a ski resort in the Haute-Savoie, France, was reported in Brighton. He had been the source of infection to six of his relatives during a stay in France, before returning to the UK on 28 January.[36][37] Following confirmation of his result, the UK's CMOs expanded the number of countries where a history of previous travel associated with flu-like symptoms – such as fever, cough and difficulty breathing – in the previous 14 days would require self-isolation and calling NHS 111. These countries included China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand.[38]

On 10 February, the total number of cases in the UK reached eight as four further cases were confirmed in people linked to the affected man from Brighton.[39][40] Globally, the virus had spread to 28 countries.[41] On the morning of 10 February, the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, announced the Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020, to give public health professionals "strengthened powers" to keep affected people and those believed to be a possible risk of having the virus, in isolation.[41] That day, the Arrowe Park Hospital, Merseyside, and the Kents Hill Park hotel and conference centre, Milton Keynes became designated isolation units.[3][41] The following day, two of the eight confirmed cases in the UK were reported by BBC News to be general practitioners.[39] A ninth case was confirmed in London on 11 February.[42]

On 23 February, the DHSC confirmed a total of 13 cases in the UK as four new cases in passengers on the cruise ship Diamond Princess were detected. Two were transferred to the Royal Hallamshire Hospital in Sheffield, one to the Royal Liverpool University Hospital and one to the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne.[43]

On 27 February, the total number of confirmed cases in the UK were reported as 16, including the first case in Northern Ireland – a woman who had travelled from the outbreak area in northern Italy, having also stopped in Dublin.[44][45]

On 28 February, the first case in Wales was confirmed in a person who had returned from Northern Italy, and then transferred to a specialist NHS infection centre at the Royal Free Hospital in London.[46][47][48] The same day, two further cases were confirmed in England, one of whom was a man who was taken to Guy's and St Thomas' and who became the 20th case of COVID-19 in the UK and the first case who did not contract the disease from abroad. He was a resident in Surrey and registered at the Haslemere Health Centre, which had previously been closed for "deep cleaning".[10]

On 29 February, three further cases of the virus were confirmed bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 23, after testing 10,483 people.[3] The three cases are from Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire and Berkshire. Two of the three affected people had recently returned from Italy while the third had come back from Asia.[49] On the same day, Scottish CMO, Catherine Calderwood announced that surveillance would begin at some hospitals and 41 GP surgeries in Scotland.[50]

442,675 calls were made to the non-emergency line 111 in the last week of February.[51]

March 2020

Soap almost sold out, London, 12 March
Some supermarkets began to limit purchases of items in high demand
Shopping in rubber gloves and a face mask, London, 15 March 2020

On 1 March a further 13 cases were reported, adding Greater Manchester and Scotland to the list of areas affected and bringing the total to 36, three of which are believed to be contacts of the case in Surrey who had no history of travel abroad.[52][53]

On 2 March, four further people in England tested positive. All four had recently travelled from Italy; they are from Hertfordshire, Devon and Kent.[3] The total number of UK cases was reported as having reached 40, though this was revised to 39 after additional testing.[15] The following day, when the total number of confirmed cases in the UK stood at 51, the UK Government unveiled their Coronavirus Action Plan, which outlines what the UK has done already and what it plans to do next.[3]

On 4 March, the total number of confirmed cases increased to 85.[3] Local press announced that an affected person is being treated at the Royal Stoke University Hospital.[54] On the same day, a case was confirmed in Gibraltar in a person who had travelled from Northern Italy.[20] On 5 March, three further cases were announced by the CMO for Scotland Catherine Calderwood, located in the areas of Forth Valley, Grampian and Greater Glasgow and Clyde.[11] That day, the total number of confirmed cases in the UK were reported by officials as 115,[3] and a woman in her 70s with an existing medical condition, was reported to be the first fatality within the UK.[55] A further 48 were confirmed on 6 March,[56] with the total being over 200 the next day,[57] and adding a further 64 new cases on 8 March, the biggest increase in cases until that day.[58]

On 9 March, three cases were discovered in Dorset.[59]

On 10 March, Evangelos Marinakis, owner of football clubs Nottingham Forest and Olympiacos, announced on his Instagram feed that he had been infected with the virus.[60] It was announced the same day that mental health minister Nadine Dorries MP had tested positive for the virus and was self isolating.[61][62] Nine more cases were also discovered in Wales bringing the total to 15.[63]

On 11 March, 83 more cases were discovered in the UK bringing the total to 456. It was announced later that day that four new cases in Wales had been discovered, bringing the total to 19.[64] On the same day, the WHO declared the outbreak a pandemic,[13] and it was discussed in the UK government's annual budget.[62]

On 12 March, the first confirmed case was found in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, where previously a man was isolated, raising the number of cases in South Yorkshire to 12. Later that day 6 new cases were discovered in Wales, bringing the total to 25. Meanwhile, the total of cases in the UK was reported to be 590.[3] On the same day, the UK CMOs raised the risk to the UK from moderate to high.[17] The government advised that anyone with a new continuous cough or a fever should self-isolate for seven days. Schools were asked to cancel trips abroad, and people over 70 and those with pre-existing medical conditions were advised to avoid cruises.[65][66]

On 13 March, the number of confirmed cases rose by 208 to 798 confirmed cases,[67] with the first death from Coronavirus being reported in Scotland.[68] Many sporting fixtures including the London Marathon,[69] the Six Nations Wales vs Scotland fixture,[70] and all Premier League and EFL football games[71] were postponed and the 2020 United Kingdom local elections were postponed for a year.[72] Similarly, the Country to Country music festival due to take place between 13–15 March at London's O2 Arena was also postponed.[73] The UK Government restricted the export of three drugs being administered to Covid-19 patients in clinical trials in China: Kaletra, Chloroquine Phosphate, and Hydroxychloroquine [74]

On 14 March, the number of confirmed cases rose to 1,140 and the total number of people who had died in the UK had increased to 21.[75]

On 15 March, the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock announced that everyone in Britain over the age of 70 would be told to self-isolate "within the coming weeks".[76] That day, the number of cases rose to 1,372 and the number of deaths increased to 35.[77]

On 16 March, the UK death toll rose to 55, with the number of cases of the illness passing 1,500.[19] The deaths included the first to be reported in Wales.[78] Also on 16 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson advised everyone in the UK against "non-essential" travel and contact with others, as well as suggesting people should avoid pubs, clubs and theatres, and work from home if possible. Pregnant women, people over the age of 70 and those with certain health conditions were urged to consider the advice "particularly important", and would be asked to self-isolate within days.[19] On the same day, the second Member of Parliament was diagnosed with the virus. The new Labour MP for Jarrow, County Durham Kate Osborne tested positive after a period of self-isolation.[79][80][81][82]

On 17 March, NHS England announced that all non-urgent operations in England would be postponed from 15 April to free up 30,000 beds.[83] Also on 17 March, Chancellor Rishi Sunak announced that £330bn would be made available in loan guarantees for businesses affected by the pandemic.[84][85] On that day the UK death toll rose to 71, while the number of confirmed cases increased to 1,950.[86][87]

Testing and surveillance

Warning notices at a London doctor's surgery, 13 March 2020

Shortly after confirming that the cause of the cluster of pneumonia in Wuhan was a new coronavirus, Chinese authorities had shared its genetic sequence for international developments of diagnostic kits.[6] The UK subsequently developed a prototype specific laboratory test for the new disease, performed on a sample from the nose, throat, and respiratory tract and tested at PHE's Colindale laboratories in London.[41] By 3 February, 326 tests had been performed in the UK.[5] Over the following few weeks, PHE made the test available to 12 other laboratories in the UK, making it possible to test 1000 people a day.[41]

Following 300 staff being asked to work from home on 26 February 2020 in London, while a suspected person was awaiting a test result for the virus, PHE announced it was to increase surveillance by widening testing around the UK to include people with flu-like symptoms at 100 GP surgeries and eight hospitals: the Royal Brompton and Harefield, Guy's and St Thomas' and Addenbrookes Hospital, as well as hospitals at Brighton and Sussex, Nottingham, South Manchester, Sheffield, Leicester.[88][89] Surveillance was shortly extended to some hospitals and GP surgeries in Scotland.[50]

Drive-through screening centres were set up by Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust at Parsons Green Health Centre on 24 February 2020,[7] and by NHS Lothian at the Western General Hospital in Edinburgh.[8]

On 11 March NHS England announced that testing in NHS laboratories would increase from testing 1,500 to 10,000 per day.[62] The test consists of taking a sample from the nose, throat, deeper lung samples, blood or stool, and transporting the packed samples to the listed PHE regional laboratory designated for the referring laboratory region.[90][91] As of 12/13 March 2020, 29,764 tests had been conducted in the UK, corresponding to 450.8 tests per million people.[92]

Forecasting

Reports from the Medical Research Council's Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College, London have been providing mathematically calculated estimates of cases and cases fatality rates.[41][93] In February, the team at Imperial, led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson, reported about two-thirds of cases in travellers from China were not detected and that some of these may have begun "chains of transmission within the countries they entered."[94][95][96] This translates to only one in three cases coming into the UK being detected.[97] They forecast that the new coronavirus could infect up to 60% of the UK's population, in the worst-case scenario.[98]

In a paper released but not yet published on 16 March, the Imperial team provided detailed forecasts of the potential impacts of the epidemic in the UK and USA.[18][99] Their paper details the potential outcomes of an array of 'non-pharmaceutical interventions' such as contact tracing and case isolation, home self quarantine, closure of bars, social venues or schools, and social distancing. Two potential overall strategies outlined were: mitigation, in which the aim is to reduce the health impact of the epidemic but not to stop transmission completely; and suppression, where the aim is to reduce transmission rates to a point where case numbers fall. Until this point government actions had been based on a strategy of mitigation, but the modelling predicted that while this would reduce deaths by approximately 2/3, it would still lead to approximately 250,000 deaths from the disease and the health systems becoming overwhelmed.[18] On the same day as the report was published, the Prime Minister announced in a press conference significant changes to the government advice, extending self isolation to whole households, advising social distancing particularly for vulnerable groups, and indicating that further measures were likely to be required in the future.[19][99]

Response by sector

Government

English NHS coronavirus poster, February 2020[100]

Guidance has altered in line with the number of cases detected and changes in where affected people have contracted the virus, as well as with what has been happening in other countries.[36] In February, Chief Medical Adviser to the UK Government, Chris Whitty explained "we basically have a strategy which depends upon four tactical aims: the first one is to contain; the second of these is to delay; the third of these is to do the science and the research; and the fourth is to mitigate so we can brace the NHS."[9] These aims equate to four phases; specific actions involved in each of these phases are:

  • Contain: detect early cases, follow up close contacts, and prevent the disease taking hold in this country for as long as is reasonably possible
  • Delay: slow the spread within the UK, and (if it does take hold) lower the peak impact and push it away from the winter season
  • Research: better understand the virus and the actions that will lessen its effect on the UK population; innovate responses including diagnostics, drugs and vaccines; use the evidence to inform the development of the most effective models of care
  • Mitigate: provide the best care possible for people who become ill, support hospitals to maintain essential services and ensure ongoing support for people ill in the community, to minimise the overall impact of the disease on society, public services and on the economy.[101]

The four UK CMOs raised the UK risk level from low to moderate on 30 January 2020, upon the World Health Organization's announcement of the disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.[3][5] As soon as cases appeared in the UK on 31 January 2020, a public health information campaign, similar to the previous "Catch it, Bin it, Kill it" campaign, was launched in the UK, to advise people how to lessen the risk of spreading the virus.[5] Travellers from Hubei province in China, including the capital Wuhan were advised to self-isolate, "stay at home, not go to work, school or public places, not use public transport or taxis, ask friends, family members or delivery services to do errands",[102] and call NHS 111 if they had arrived in the UK in previous 14 days, regardless of whether they were unwell or not.[5] Further cases in early February prompted the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, to announce the Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020.[3] Daily updates have been published by the DHSC.[3] NHS Digital in the meanwhile, have been collecting data.[103]

Poster for the "Catch it, Bin it, Kill it" slogan which has been revived in the fight against coronavirus

On 25 February 2020, the UK's CMOs advice for all travellers (unwell or not) who had returned to the UK from Hubei province in the previous 14 days, Iran, specific areas designated by the Italian government as quarantine areas in northern Italy and special care zones in South Korea since 19 February, to self-isolate and call NHS 111.[38] This advice was also advocated for any person who has flu-like symptoms with a history of travelling from Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and areas in Italy north of Pisa, Florence and Rimini, returning to the UK since 19 February. Later, self-isolation was recommended for anyone returning from any part of Italy from 9 March.[3][38]

Prime Minister Boris Johnson has largely kept Britain open, opting for a solution of herd immunity. This involves enough people getting infected, upon which they develop immunity to the disease.[104][105] The UK's chief scientific adviser has said that 60% of the UK's population will need to become infected for herd immunity to be achieved.[106][105]

On 2 March, Boris Johnson said in an interview with BBC News: "The most important thing now is that we prepare against a possible very significant expansion of coronavirus in the UK population". This came after the 39th case in the UK was confirmed and over a month after the first confirmed case in the UK.[107] The same day, a BBC One programme Coronavirus: Everything You Need to Know addressed questions from the public on the outbreak.[108] The following day, the Coronavirus Action Plan was unveiled.[3] The next day, as the total number of cases in the UK stood at 51, the government declared the coronavirus outbreak as a "level 4 incident",[12] permitting NHS England to take command of all NHS resources.[12][109] Planning has been made for behaviour changing publicity including good hygiene and respiratory hygiene ("catch it, bin it, kill it"),[110] a simple measure which helps in delaying the peak of the infection and buys time for the testing of drugs and initial development of vaccines.[101] Primary care has been issued guidance.[111]

Public Health England has also been involved with efforts to support the British Overseas Territories against the outbreak.[112][113]

Regulations and legislation

The Government published the Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020[114] on 10 February 2020, covering the legal framework behind the containment and isolation strategies, and organisation of the national reaction to the virus. Other published regulations include changes to Statutory Sick Pay (into force on 13 March),[115] and changes to Employment and Support Allowance and Universal Credit (also 13 March).[116]

The Emergency Coronavirus Bill is proposed UK emergency legislation to grant new powers in the areas of the NHS, social care, schools, police, Border Force, local councils, funerals and courts.

National Health Service

In March, hospitals begin to prepare for the cancellation of all non-urgent elective procedures.[117]

Aviation

From the latter half of January, Heathrow Airport received additional clinical support and tightened surveillance of the three direct flights that it receives from Wuhan every week; each were to be met by a Port Health team.[6] Later, airlines including British Airways and Ryanair announced a number of flight cancellations for March.[15]

Regional airline Flybe had been brought to the brink of collapse following prior financial trouble earlier in the year. This, combined with decreased ticket sales as a result of the outbreak, caused the airline to stop ticket sales on 4 March 2020.[118][119] The company entered administration and ceased operations the following day.[120][121]

Consumer response

The almost empty pasta section in a London Tesco, 7 March 2020

It was reported in The Guardian that British supermarkets and their suppliers had developed a plan to ensure a consistent supply of a range of basic goods if there was panic-buying by consumers. Tesco, the country's largest supermarket chain, was said to have carried out simulation exercises to plan for events such as a pandemic flu outbreak which could be used to deal with the coronavirus outbreak.[16] There have been reports of hand sanitiser and anti-bacterial products selling out at some supermarkets.[122] Online retailers reported consumers placing unusually large orders while the managing director of the frozen food chain Iceland reported increased sales of "multibuy deals and larger packs".[16]

Some supermarkets and other shops responded by limiting the amount customers brought of popular items, whilst others had a blanket limit across their entire range. Sainsburys announced on 18 March that they would prioritise disabled customers and those over 70 years old when it came to online shopping. They also announced that like Iceland and Lidl (in Northern Ireland only) that the first trading hour of the day would be for those who fitted in to the aforementioned categories. Whilst Pret a Manger announced that they would not permit customers to sit and eat in stores and Amazon stopped sellers from sending non essential products to their warehouses.[123]

Economics

The governor of the Bank of England called on the British government to provide support to businesses affected by the virus[124] and was reported to be working with the Treasury to provide a stimulus package to prevent the British economy falling into recession.[125] Companies listed on the London stock markets have fallen in value with commentators citing worries about the virus.[126] To stimulate the economy, the Bank of England cut interest rates from 0.75 to 0.25 percent.[127]

Education

See also: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education § United Kingdom

Following cases in Italy, the Cransley School in Northwich, Cheshire, and Trinity Catholic College in Middlesbrough closed, as some of their pupils had returned with symptoms from Italy. 14 schools in England had closed by 28 February.[14] Loughborough University reported a student confirmed to have the virus after recent travel to Italy, and indicated that several staff members and students began self-isolation.[128]

However, Boris Johnson stated that schools will remain in service for aged 4 – 16 students and doesn’t have any plans to close the schools down across the country. Although it is likely that the schools will close because of COVID-19. However, students can not attend school if they are tested positive.

Coventry University first suspended all graduation ceremonies due to be held in March and April, [129] and from 20 March, suspended all face-to-face teaching, in favour of on-line delivery.[130]

Law and order

There have been isolated reports of hate incidents against Italian and Chinese persons and a Singaporean student was assaulted in London in an attack that police linked to coronavirus fears.[131]

Sport

England's Six Nations rugby game against Italy was postponed and there was speculation that other sporting events in the United Kingdom might be postponed.[132] The women's Six Nations fixture between Scotland and France was also postponed, after one Scotland player tested positive for the virus.[133]

The Premier League stopped the pre-match fair play handshake between players and officials due to fears of COVID-19.[134] On 10 March, the match in the Premier League season between Manchester City and Arsenal was postponed in light of confirmation that Nottingham Forest and Olympiacos owner Evangelos Marinakis had contracted the virus.[135] Marinakis had met with several Arsenal players when the London side hosted Olympiacos in a Europa League round of 32 match.[136] On 12 March, it was announced that Arsenal manager Mikel Arteta had tested positive to COVID-19.[137] The next day, Chelsea midfielder Callum Hudson-Odoi became the first Premier League player to test positive for coronavirus.[138]

On 13 March, it was unanimously agreed between the English FA and the English Football League to suspend the Premier League, as well as the rest of professional football in England, until at least 3 April due to the ongoing coronavirus crisis.[139] Later that day, it was confirmed that professional football leagues in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales were also postponed.[140][141][142]

Also on 13 March, the 2020 London Marathon, scheduled for 24 April, was postponed to 6 October 2020. The Manchester and Brighton Marathons were also postponed.[143]

Arts and entertainment

On 13 March BBC Radio 1 announced that it would cancel its Big Weekend music festival, scheduled to take place in Dundee over the Spring Bank Holiday weekend at the end of May.[144] Other music events to be cancelled included the C2C: Country to Country festival, the UK's largest country music event,[145] and the 2020 Glastonbury Festival which was cancelled on 18 March.[146] Among the artists and bands to postpone or cancel UK gigs or tours were Avril Lavigne and The Who.[145][147] Others, including Chris Martin of Coldplay, Yungblud, Keith Urban and Christine And The Queens responded to the situation by live-streaming gigs through social media.[148]

On 15 March, London's Old Vic became the first West End theatre to cancel a performance when it ended its run of Samuel Beckett's Endgame two weeks early.[149] On 16 March, other theatres in London, as well as elsewhere around the UK, closed following Boris Johnson's advice that people should avoid such venues.[150] On 17 March, cinema chains Odeon, Cineworld, Vue and Picturehouse announced they would be closing all of their UK outlets.[151]

Television programmes to be affected included forthcoming series of Peaky Blinders and Line of Duty, which had their filming schedules delayed.[152] On 13 March, ITV announced that the 2020 series finale of Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, scheduled to be broadcast from Walt Disney World in Florida would no longer go ahead after the resort announced its intention to close as a precautionary measure.[153] On 16 March, ITV announced that the filming schedule for its two soaps, Coronation Street and Emmerdale had not been affected by the pandemic, but said the programmes would "remind people of important public health issues" like hand-washing.[152] Also on 16 March, the BBC delayed the implementation of its planned changes to TV licences for those aged over 75 from June to August.[154]

On 17 March the BBC announced major changes to the schedule across the network. Politics Live, The Victoria Derbyshire show, The Andrew Neil Show, Newswatch, The Travel Show and HARDtalk programmes were suspended. Whilst Newsnight and The Andrew Marr Show would continue with less people producing the programmes and Question time would be moved to an 8pm slot on Thursday broadcasting without an audience from a fixed location. Podcasts programmes the Americast, Beyond Today and The Next Episode are also suspended. On radio the World Service programmes The World This Week, World Update and Weekend all being suspended. Radio news summaries on Radio 2, 3, 4 and 5 live were merged into a single output, with 6 music using the same script. The Asian Network and Newsbeat worked together to maintain production of stories. The Week In Westminster which broadcasts on Radio 4 was also suspended.[155] On 18 March it was announced that filming on the sets of Casualty, Doctors, Eastenders, Holby City, Pobol y Cwm and River City would be suspended. The broadcaster additionally announced that Eastenders would only be shown 2 times a week to ensure that it remained on screen for as long as possible.[156]

Statistics

The figures in the table below represent laboratory confirmed cases only; however, as indicated by the UK Government's Chief Scientific Adviser Sir Patrick Vallance, it is likely that other cases in the UK are not reflected in these figures (with the national total estimated at 5,000–10,000 as of 12 March 2020).[65]

COVID-19 cases in the United Kingdom by area (
)

Date England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Confirmed cases Deaths Tested Origin
East London Midlands NE & Yorks North West South East South West As yet unclassified New Total New Total New Total
2020/01/31 2[157][158] 2 2 China (2)
2020/02/06 1 1 3 Singapore (1)
2020/02/10 4 4 7 France (4)
2020/02/12 1[159] 1 8 China (1)
2020/02/23 4 4 12 Japan (4)
2020/02/27 1 1 1[160] 3 15 7,690
  • Italy (1)
  • Spain (1)
2020/02/28 2 1[161] 1 1[162] 5 20 1,296 8,986
  • Italy (1)
  • Iran (2)
  • UK (1)
2020/02/29 1 1 1[163] 3 23 1,497 10,483
  • Italy (2)
  • Asia (1)
2020/03/01 2[164] 1 1[164] 1[164] 3[165][166] 1[167] 3 12 35 1,267 11,750
  • Italy (7)
  • Iran (2)
  • UK (4)
2020/03/02 1[168] 1[167] 1 1[169] 4 39[170][171] 1,775 13,525 Italy (4)
2020/03/03 12 12 51[172] 386 13,911
  • Italy (8)
  • Iran (1)
  • Japan (1)
  • Germany (1)
  • Singapore (1)
2020/03/04 32 2[173] 2[174] 36 87[175] 2,748 16,659 UK (3)
2020/03/05 25[176] 3[177] 1[178] 29 116 1[179] 1 1,424 18,083[180]
2020/03/06 3 4 3 3 4 7 7 11[181] 1[182] 5[183] 48 164 1[184] 2 2,255 20,338
2020/03/07 5 9 5 5 5 6 3 −1[185] 3[186] 5[187] 45 209 2 1,122 21,460[185]
2020/03/08 7 13 8 5 11 10 6[188] 5[189] 2[190] 2[191] 69 280 1[192] 3 2,053 23,513[193]
2020/03/09 1 10 6 4 4 2 3 6[194] 5[195] 2[196] 43 321 2[197][198] 5 1,447 24,960[199]
2020/03/10 5 30 5 2 2 8 3 −11[200] 4[201] 4[202] 9[203] 61 384 1[204] 6 1,301 26,261[200]
2020/03/11 3 13 6 8 6 9 3 15 2 9 4[205] 78 460 2[206] 8 1,215 27,476
2020/03/12 32 2 12 10 23 −2 27 2 24 6[207] 136 586 2 10 1,698 29,174
2020/03/13 7 31 15 5 9 27 7 55 9 25 12[208] 202 798 1[209] 11 3,597 32,771
2020/03/14 4 146 16 18 7 34 4 49 5 36 23[210] 342 1140 10 21 4,975 37,746
2020/03/15 28 94 19 24 7 31 8 −37 11 32 34 251 1391 14 35 2,533 40,279
2020/03/16 10 73 35 −5 7 −2 16 −37 7 18 30 152 1543 21 55 3,826 44,105[211]
2020/03/17 12 141 11 −12 74 68 18 49 10 24 12 407 1950 5 60 6,337 50,442[212]
Total 93 621 140 74 157 241 95 136 62 195 136 1950 N/A 60 N/A 50,442 N/A
  • Note 1: Great Britain and Northern Ireland only. In addition to this figure, there have been eight confirmed cases in the British Overseas Territories (including at least one in Gibraltar[20]) and six confirmed cases in the Crown dependencies (five in Jersey[213] and one in Guernsey)
  • Note 2: Totals for England are not the sum of the row above since detailed information about all locations of cases has not been published.


COVID-19 cases in Scotland by health board area (
)

Date Ayr. &Arr. Borders Dum. & Gall. Fife Forth Valley Grampian G.Glas. & Cl. Highland Lanarkshire Lothian Shetland Tayside Confirmed Tested Deaths Sources
New Total New Total New Total
2020/03/02 1 1 1 N/A N/A - - [214]
2020/03/03 - 1 N/A N/A - -
2020/03/04 1 1 2 3 N/A 1046 - - [215][216]
2020/03/05 1 1 1 3 6 210 1256 - - [217][218]
2020/03/06 2 1 1 1 5 11 269 1525 - - [219]
2020/03/07 1 1 2 1 5 16 155 1680 - - [220]
2020/03/08 1 1 2 18 277 1957 - - [221]
2020/03/09 1 2 2 5 23 144 2101 - - [222]
2020/03/10 2 2 4 27 133 2234 - - [223]
2020/03/11 2 2 2 1 1 1 9 36 82 2316 - - [224]
2020/03/12 1 1 4 1 5 3 3 4 2 24 60 576 2892 - - [225]
2020/03/13 1 1 4 11 9 1 25 85 422 3314 1 1 [226][227]
2020/03/14 2 2 2 0 -2 10 1 3 5 5 8 36 121 401 3715 - 1 [228]
2020/03/15 0 2 1 4 3 7 1 6 3 0 4 32 153 525 4240 - 1 [229]
2020/03/16 1 1 5 4 1 4 2 18 171 655 4895 - 1 [230]
2020/03/17 -1 2 14 5 3 1 1 -4 3 24 195 351 5246 1 2 [231][232]
Total 7 7 1 7 10 12 44 2 20 29 15 17 153 N/A 5246 N/A 1 N/A


Notes

  1. ^ a b Not included in this data is the death of one British citizen on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship on 28 February – see 2020 coronavirus pandemic on cruise ships for more information on this case. Also not included is the death of one British citizen in the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands.
  2. ^ Daily updates occur around 2 pm.
  3. ^ In addition to this figure, there have been eight confirmed cases in the British Overseas Territories (including at least one in Gibraltar[20]) and six confirmed cases in the Crown dependencies (five in Jersey[21] and one in Guernsey)

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External links

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